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Song, Z. , Latif, M. , Park, W. and Zhang, Y. (2020) Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Drives Enhanced Greenland Surface Temperature Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (23). Art.Nr. e2020GL088922. DOI 10.1029/2020GL088922.

Gottschalk, J. , Michel, E. , Thöle, L. M., Studer, A. S. , Hasenfratz, A. P., Schmid, N., Butzin, M. , Mazaud, A., Martínez-García, A. , Szidat, S. and Jaccard, S. L. (2020) Glacial heterogeneity in Southern Ocean carbon storage abated by fast South Indian deglacial carbon release. Nature Communications, 11 (1). Art.Nr. 6192. DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-20034-1.

Fuhrmann, F. , Diensberg, B., Gong, X. , Lohmann, G. and Sirocko, F. (2020) Aridity synthesis for eight selected key regions of the global climate system during the last 60 000 years. Climate of the Past, 16 (6). pp. 2221-2238. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-2221-2020.

Klockmann, M. , Mikolajewicz, U., Kleppin, H. and Marotzke, J. (2020) Coupling of the Subpolar Gyre and the Overturning Circulation During Abrupt Glacial Climate Transitions. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (21). Art.Nr. e2020GL090361. DOI 10.1029/2020GL090361.

Fettweis, X. , Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C. , Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., Born, A., Box, J. E. , Delhasse, A. , Fujita, K. , Gierz, P., Goelzer, H. , Hanna, E., Hashimoto, A., Huybrechts, P. , Kapsch, M. L. , King, M. D., Kittel, C. , Lang, C., Langen, P. L., Lenaerts, J. T. M. , Liston, G. E., Lohmann, G. , Mernild, S. H., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Mottram, R. H. , Niwano, M. , Noël, B., Ryan, J. C., Smith, A., Streffing, J., Tedesco, M., van de Berg, W. J. , van den Broeke, M. , van de Wal, R. S. W., van Kampenhout, L., Wilton, D., Wouters, B., Ziemen, F. and Zolles, T. (2020) GrSMBMIP: Intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice sheet. The Cryosphere Discussions, 14 . pp. 3935-3953. DOI 10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020.

Dobslaw, H. , Dill, R. , Bagge, M. , Klemann, V. , Boergens, E., Thomas, M., Dahle, C. and Flechtner, F. (2020) Gravitationally Consistent Mean Barystatic Sea Level Rise From Leakage‐Corrected Monthly GRACE Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 125 (11). Art.Nr. e2020JB020923. DOI 10.1029/2020JB020923.

Leroy, S. A. G. , Arpe, K., Mikolajewicz, U. and Wu, J. (2020) Climate simulations and pollen data reveal the distribution and connectivity of temperate tree populations in eastern Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate of the Past, 16 (6). pp. 2039-2054. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-2039-2020.

Chien, C. T. , Pahlow, M., Schartau, M. and Oschlies, A. (2020) Optimality-Based Non-Redfield Plankton-Ecosystem Model (OPEMv1.0) in the UVic-ESCM 2.9. Part II: Sensitivity Analysis and Model Calibration. Geoscientific Model Development, 13 . pp. 4691-4712. DOI 10.5194/gmd-13-4691-2020.

Pahlow, M., Chien, C. T. , Arteaga, L. A. and Oschlies, A. (2020) Optimality-Based Non-Redfield Plankton-Ecosystem Model (OPEMv1.0) in the UVic-ESCM 2.9. Part I: Implementation and Model Behaviour. Geoscientific Model Development, 13 . pp. 4663-4690. DOI 10.5194/gmd-13-4663-2020.

Renoult, M., Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C., Sagoo, N., Flynn, C., Kapsch, M. L., Mikolajewicz, U., Ohgaito, R. and Mauritsen, T. (2020) A Bayesian framework for emergent constraints: case studies of climate sensitivity with PMIP. Climate of the Past, 16 . pp. 1715-1735. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-1715-2020.

Reimer, P. J. , Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A. , Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C. , Butzin, M. , Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I. , Heaton, T. J. , Hogg, A. G. , Hughen, K. A. , Kromer, B., Manning, S. W. , Muscheler, R. , Palmer, J. G. , Pearson, C. , van der Plicht, J., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M. , Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M. , Wacker, L. , Adolphi, F. , Büntgen, U., Capano, M. , Fahrni, S. M., Fogtmann-Schulz, A., Friedrich, R., Köhler, P. , Kudsk, S., Miyake, F., Olsen, J., Reinig, F., Sakamoto, M., Sookdeo, A. and Talamo, S. (2020) THE INTCAL20 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIOCARBON AGE CALIBRATION CURVE (0–55 CAL kBP). Radiocarbon, 62 (4). pp. 725-757. DOI 10.1017/RDC.2020.41.

Ackermann, L. , Danek, C. , Gierz, P. and Lohmann, G. (2020) AMOC Recovery in a Multicentennial Scenario Using a Coupled Atmosphere‐Ocean‐Ice Sheet Model. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (16). e2019GL086810. DOI 10.1029/2019GL086810.

Kriest, I. , Kähler, P., Koeve, W. , Kvale, K. F. , Sauerland, V. and Oschlies, A. (2020) One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model for different circulations. Biogeosciences (BG), 17 . pp. 3057-3082. DOI 10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020.

Palmer, M. D. , Gregory, J. M. , Bagge, M. , Calvert, D., Hagedoorn, J. M., Howard, T. , Klemann, V. , Lowe, J. A., Roberts, C. D. , Slangen, A. B. A. and Spada, G. (2020) Exploring the Drivers of Global and Local Sea‐Level Change over the 21st Century and Beyond. Earth's Future, 8 (9). Art.Nr. e2019EF001413. DOI 10.1029/2019EF001413.

Ye, Y., Völker, C. and Gledhill, M. (2020) Exploring the Iron‐Binding Potential of the Ocean Using a Combined pH and DOC Parameterization. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 34 (Article number: e2019GB006425 ). DOI 10.1029/2019GB006425.

Steinig, S. , Dummann, W., Park, W. , Latif, M. , Kusch, S., Hofmann, P. and Flögel, S. (2020) Evidence for a regional warm bias in the Early Cretaceous TEX86 record. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 539 . Art.Nr. 116184. DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116184.

Jonkers, L. , Cartapanis, O. , Langner, M., McKay, N. , Mulitza, S., Strack, A. and Kucera, M. (2020) Integrating palaeoclimate time series with rich metadata for uncertainty modelling: strategy and documentation of the PalMod 130k marine palaeoclimate data synthesis. Earth System Science Data, 12 (2). pp. 1053-1081. DOI 10.5194/essd-12-1053-2020.

Does, M. , Brummer, G. A. , Crimpen, F. C. J., Korte, L. F., Mahowald, N. M., Merkel, U. , Yu, H., Zuidema, P. and Stuut, J. W. (2020) Tropical Rains Controlling Deposition of Saharan Dust Across the North Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (5). Art.Nr. e2019GL086867. DOI 10.1029/2019GL086867.

Kleinen, T. , Mikolajewicz, U. and Brovkin, V. (2020) Terrestrial methane emissions from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial period. Climate of the Past, 16 (2). pp. 575-595. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-575-2020.

Ramisch, A., Brauser, A., Dorn, M., Blanchet, C., Brademann, B., Köppl, M., Mingram, J., Neugebauer, I., Nowaczyk, N., Ott, F., Pinkerneil, S., Plessen, B., Schwab, M. J., Tjallingii, R. and Brauer, A. (Submitted) VARDA (VArved sediments DAtabase) – providing and connecting proxy data from annually laminated lake sediments. Earth System Science Data Discussions . DOI 10.5194/essd-2020-55.

Butzin, M., Heaton, T. J., Köhler, P. and Lohmann, G. (2020) A Short note on marine reservoir age simulations used in INTCAL20. Radiocarbon, 62 (4). pp. 865-871. DOI 10.1017/RDC.2020.9.

Bakker, P., Rogozhina, I., Merkel, U. and Prange, M. (2020) Hypersensitivity of glacial summer temperatures in Siberia. Climate of the Past, 16 (1). pp. 371-386. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-371-2020.

Dolman, A. M. , Kunz, T., Groeneveld, J. and Laepple, T. (Submitted) Estimating the timescale-dependent uncertainty of paleoclimate records – a spectral approach. Part II: Application and interpretation. Climate of the Past . DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-153.

Kunz, T., Dolman, A. M. and Laepple, T. (Submitted) Estimating the timescale-dependent uncertainty of paleoclimate records – a spectral approach. Part I: Theoretical concept. Climate of the Past . DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-150.

Kageyama, M., Harrison, S. P., Kapsch, M. L., Löfverström, M., Lora, J. M., Mikolajewicz, U., Sherriff-Tadano, S., Vadsaria, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bouttes, N., Chandan, D., LeGrande, A. N., Lhardy, F., Lohmann, G., Morozova, P. A., Ohgaito, R., Peltier, W. R., Quiquet, A., Roche, D. M., Shi, X., Schmittner, A., Tierney, J. E. and Volodin, E. (Submitted) The PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3-CMIP5 simulations. Climate of the Past . DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-169.

Bothe, O. and Zorita, E. (Submitted) Technical Note: The analogue method for millennial-scale, spatiotemporal climate reconstructions. Climate of the Past . DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-170.

Dallmeyer, A. , Claussen, M. , Lorenz, S. J. and Shanahan, T. (2020) The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years. Climate of the Past, 16 (1). pp. 117-140. DOI 10.5194/cp-16-117-2020.

Dietze, H. , Löptien, U. and Getzlaff, J. (2020) MOMSO 1.0 – an eddying Southern Ocean model configuration with fairly equilibrated natural carbon. Geoscientific Model Development, 13 . pp. 71-97. DOI 10.5194/gmd-13-71-2020.

Breil, M., Christner, E., Cauquoin, A. , Werner, M. and Schädler, G. (Submitted) The dependency of the δ18O discrepancy between ice cores and model simulations on the spatial model resolution. Climate of the Past . DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-156.

Cornford, S. L. , Seroussi, H. , Asay-Davis, X. S. , Gudmundsson, G. H. , Arthern, R., Borstad, C. , Christmann, J., Dias dos Santos, T. , Feldmann, J. , Goldberg, D., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A. , Kleiner, T. , Leguy, G., Lipscomb, W. H., Merino, N., Durand, G., Morlighem, M. , Polllard, D., Rückamp, M. , Williams, C. R. and Yu, H. (Submitted) Results of the third Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP+). The Cryosphere Discussions . DOI 10.5194/tc-2019-326.

Cotronei, A. and Slawig, T. (2020) Single-precision arithmetic in ECHAM radiation reduces runtime and energy consumption. Geoscientific Model Development, 13 (6). pp. 2783-2804. DOI 10.5194/gmd-13-2783-2020.

Garbe, J. , Albrecht, T. , Levermann, A. , Donges, J. F. and Winkelmann, R. (2020) The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature, 585 (7826). pp. 538-544. DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5.

Heaton, T. J. , Köhler, P. , Butzin, M. , Bard, E., Reimer, R. W., Austin, W. E. N., Bronk Ramsey, C. , Grootes, P. M., Hughen, K. A. , Kromer, B., Reimer, P. J. , Adkins, J., Burke, A. , Cook, M. S., Olsen, J. and Skinner, L. C. (2020) Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP). Radiocarbon, 62 (4). pp. 779-820. DOI 10.1017/RDC.2020.68.

Hinck, S., Gowan, E. J. and Lohmann, G. (2020) LakeCC: a tool for efficiently identifying lake basins with application to palaeogeographic reconstructions of North America. Journal of Quaternary Science, 35 (3). pp. 422-432. DOI 10.1002/jqs.3182.

Kapsch, M. L. , Mikolajewicz, U., Ziemen, F. A. , Rodehacke, C. B. and Schannwell, C. (Submitted) Analysis of the Surface Mass Balance for Deglacial Climate Simulations. The Cryosphere . DOI 10.5194/tc-2020-173.

Kurahashi-Nakamura, T., Paul, A. , Munhoven, G., Merkel, U. and Schulz, M. (2020) Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations. Geoscientific Model Development, 13 (2). pp. 825-840. DOI 10.5194/gmd-13-825-2020.

Levermann, A. , Winkelmann, R. , Albrecht, T. , Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R. , Greve, R. , Huybrechts, P. , Jordan, J. , Leguy, G., Martin, D. , Morlighem, M. , Pattyn, F. , Pollard, D., Quiquet, A. , Rodehacke, C. , Seroussi, H. , Sutter, J. , Zhang, T., Van Breedam, J. , Calov, R., DeConto, R., Dumas, C., Garbe, J. , Gudmundsson, G. H. , Hoffman, M. J. , Humbert, A. , Kleiner, T. , Lipscomb, W. H., Meinshausen, M. , Ng, E., Nowicki, S. M. J., Perego, M., Price, S. F. , Saito, F. , Schlegel, N. J. , Sun, S. and van de Wal, R. S. W. (2020) Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2). Earth System Dynamics, 11 (1). pp. 35-76. DOI 10.5194/esd-11-35-2020.

Lohmann, G. , Butzin, M. , Eissner, N., Shi, X. and Stepanek, C. (2020) Abrupt climate and weather changes across time scales. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35 (9). Art.Nr. e2019PA003782. DOI 10.1029/2019PA003782.

Reese, R. , Levermann, A. , Albrecht, T. , Seroussi, H. and Winkelmann, R. (2020) The role of history and strength of the oceanic forcing in sea level projections from Antarctica with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model. The Cryosphere, 14 (9). pp. 3097-3110. DOI 10.5194/tc-14-3097-2020.

Rehfeld, K. , Hébert, R. , Lora, J. M. , Lofverstrom, M. and Brierley, C. M. (2020) Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future. Earth System Dynamics, 11 (2). pp. 447-468. DOI 10.5194/esd-11-447-2020.

Rodehacke, C. B. , Pfeiffer, M., Semmler, T. , Gurses, Ö. and Kleiner, T. (Submitted) Precipitation Ansatz dependent Future Sea Level Contribution by Antarctica based on CMIP5 Model Forcing. Earth System Dynamics Discussions . DOI 10.5194/esd-2019-78.

Seroussi, H. , Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J. , Goelzer, H. , Lipscomb, W. H., Abe Ouchi, A. , Agosta, C. , Albrecht, T. , Asay-Davis, X. , Barthel, A. , Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Gladstone, R. , Golledge, N. , Gregory, J. M. , Greve, R. , Hatterman, T. , Hoffman, M. J. , Humbert, A. , Huybrechts, P. , Jourdain, N. C. , Kleiner, T. , Larour, E., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P. , Little, C. M., Morlighem, M. , Pattyn, F. , Pelle, T. , Price, S. F. , Quiquet, A. , Reese, R. , Schlegel, N. J. , Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S. , Straneo, F. , Sun, S., Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J. , van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R. , Zhao, C. , Zhang, T. and Zwinger, T. (Submitted) ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century. The Cryosphere Discussions . DOI 10.5194/tc-2019-324.

Seroussi, H. , Nowicki, S. , Payne, A. J. , Goelzer, H. , Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A. , Agosta, C. , Albrecht, T. , Asay-Davis, X. , Barthel, A. , Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K. , Gladstone, R. , Golledge, N. R. , Gregory, J. M. , Greve, R. , Hattermann, T. , Hoffman, M. J. , Humbert, A. , Huybrechts, P. , Jourdain, N. C. , Kleiner, T. , Larour, E., Leguy, G. R. , Lowry, D. P. , Little, C. M., Morlighem, M. , Pattyn, F. , Pelle, T. , Price, S. F. , Quiquet, A. , Reese, R. , Schlegel, N. J. , Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S. , Straneo, F. , Sun, S. , Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J. , van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R. , Zhao, C. , Zhang, T. and Zwinger, T. (2020) ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century. The Cryosphere, 14 (9). pp. 3033-3070. DOI 10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020.

Sun, S., Meyer, V. D., Dolman, A. M., Winterfeld, M., Hefter, J., Dummann, W., McIntyre, C., Montluçon, D. B., Haghipour, N., Wacker, L., Gentz, T., van der Voort, T. S., Eglinton, T. I. and Mollenhauer, G. (2020) 14C Blank Assessment in Small-Scale Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analysis of Lipid Biomarkers and Lignin Phenols. Radiocarbon, 62 (1). pp. 207-218. DOI 10.1017/RDC.2019.108.

Langner, M. and Mulitza, S. (2019) Technical note: PaleoDataView – a software toolbox for the collection, homogenization and visualization of marine proxy data. Climate of the Past, 15 (6). pp. 2067-2072. DOI 10.5194/cp-15-2067-2019.

Romero-Mujalli, G. , Hartmann, J. and Börker, J. (2019) Temperature and CO2 dependency of global carbonate weathering fluxes – Implications for future carbonate weathering research. Chemical Geology, 527 . Art.Nr. 118874. DOI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.08.010.

Cauquoin, A. , Werner, M. and Lohmann, G. (2019) Water isotopes – climate relationships for the mid-Holocene and preindustrial period simulated with an isotope-enabled version of MPI-ESM. Climate of the Past, 15 (6). pp. 1913-1937. DOI 10.5194/cp-15-1913-2019.

Cao, X., Tian, F., Dallmeyer, A. and Herzschuh, U. (2019) Northern Hemisphere biome changes (>30°N) since 40 cal ka BP and their driving factors inferred from model-data comparisons. Quaternary Science Reviews, 220 . pp. 291-309. DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.034.

Niu, L., Lohmann, G. and Gowan, E. J. (2019) Climate Noise Influences Ice Sheet Mean State. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (16). pp. 9690-9699. DOI 10.1029/2019GL083717.

Lu, F., Weitzel, N. and Monahan, A. H. (2019) Joint state-parameter estimation of a nonlinear stochastic energy balance model from sparse noisy data. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 26 (3). pp. 227-250. DOI 10.5194/npg-26-227-2019.

Niu, L., Lohmann, G., Hinck, S., Gowan, E. J. and Krebs-Kanzow, U. (2019) The sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to atmospheric forcing during the last glacial cycle using PMIP3 models. Journal of Glaciology, 65 (252). pp. 645-661. DOI 10.1017/jog.2019.42.

Bothe, O. , Wagner, S. and Zorita, E. (2019) Simple noise estimates and pseudoproxies for the last 21 000 years. Earth System Science Data, 11 (3). pp. 1129-1152. DOI 10.5194/essd-11-1129-2019.

Sutter, J., Fischer, H., Grosfeld, K., Karlsson, N. B., Kleiner, T., Van Liefferinge, B. and Eisen, O. (2019) Modelling the Antarctic Ice Sheet across the mid-Pleistocene transition – implications for Oldest Ice. The Cryosphere, 13 (7). pp. 2023-2041. DOI 10.5194/tc-13-2023-2019.

Weitzel, N., Hense, A. and Ohlwein, C. (2019) Combining a pollen and macrofossil synthesis with climate simulations for spatial reconstructions of European climate using Bayesian filtering. Climate of the Past, 15 (4). pp. 1275-1301. DOI 10.5194/cp-15-1275-2019.

Brovkin, V. , Lorenz, S., Raddatz, T., Ilyina, T., Stemmler, I., Toohey, M. and Claussen, M. (2019) What was the source of the atmospheric CO2 increase during the Holocene?. Biogeosciences (BG), 16 (13). pp. 2543-2555. DOI 10.5194/bg-16-2543-2019.

Moffa-Sánchez, P. , Moreno-Chamarro, E. , Reynolds, D., Ortega, P., Cunningham, L. , Swingedouw, D., Amrhein, D. E. , Halfar, J., Jonkers, L. , Jungclaus, J. H. , Perner, K. , Wanamaker, A. and Yeager, S. G. (2019) Variability in the northern North Atlantic and Arctic oceans across the last two millennia: A review. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34 (8). pp. 1399-1436. DOI 10.1029/2018PA003508.

Breitkreuz, C. , Paul, A. and Schulz, M. (Submitted) A dynamical reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum ocean state constrained by global oxygen isotope data. Climate of the Past . pp. 1-24. DOI 10.5194/cp-2019-52.

Jonkers, L. and Kučera, M. (2019) Sensitivity to species selection indicates the effect of nuisance variables on marine microfossil transfer functions. Climate of the Past, 15 (3). pp. 881-891. DOI 10.5194/cp-15-881-2019.

Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Simon, E., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albrecht, T., Brondex, J., Cornford, S., Dumas, C., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G., Lipscomb, W. H., Lowry, D., Mengel, M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reerink, T. J., Reese, R., Rodehacke, C. B., Schlegel, N. J., Shepherd, A., Sun, S., Sutter, J., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R. and Zhang, T. (2019) initMIP-Antarctica: an ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6. The Cryosphere, 13 (5). pp. 1441-1471. DOI 10.5194/tc-13-1441-2019.

Sauerland, V. , Kriest, I. , Oschlies, A. and Srivastav, A. (2019) Multiobjective Calibration of a Global Biogeochemical Ocean Model Against Nutrients, Oxygen, and Oxygen Minimum Zones. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11 (5). pp. 1285-1308. DOI 10.1029/2018MS001510.

Gowan, E. J., Niu, L., Knorr, G. and Lohmann, G. (2019) Geology datasets in North America, Greenland and surrounding areas for use with ice sheet models. Earth System Science Data, 11 (1). pp. 375-391. DOI 10.5194/essd-11-375-2019.

Park, W. and Latif, M. (2019) Ensemble global warming simulations with idealized Antarctic meltwater input. Climate Dynamics, 52 (5-6). pp. 3223-3239. DOI 10.1007/s00382-018-4319-8.

Ziemen, F. A., Kapsch, M. L., Klockmann, M. and Mikolajewicz, U. (2019) Heinrich events show two-stage climate response in transient glacial simulations. Climate of the Past, 15 . pp. 153-168. DOI 10.5194/cp-15-153-2019.

Gong, X., Lembke-Jene, L., Lohmann, G., Knorr, G., Tiedemann, R., Zou, J. J. and Shi, X. F. (2019) Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1. Nature Communications, 10 . Art.Nr. 656. DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2.

Heinemann, M., Segschneider, J. and Schneider, B. (2019) CO2 drawdown due to particle ballasting by glacial aeolian dust: an estimate based on the ocean carbon cycle model MPIOM/HAMOCC version 1.6.2p3. Geoscientific Model Development, 12 . pp. 1869-1883. DOI 10.5194/gmd-12-1869-2019.

Herzschuh, U., Cao, X., Laepple, T., Dallmeyer, A. , Telford, R. J. , Ni, J., Chen, F., Kong, Z., Liu, G., Liu, K. B., Liu, X., Stebich, M., Tang, L., Tian, F., Wang, Y., Wischnewski, J., Xu, Q., Yan, S., Yang, Z., Yu, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. and Zheng, Z. (2019) Position and orientation of the westerly jet determined Holocene rainfall patterns in China. Nature Communications, 10 (1). Art.Nr. 2376. DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-09866-8.

Krebs-Kanzow, U., Gierz, P. and Lohmann, G. (2018) Brief communication: An ice surface melt scheme including the diurnal cycle of solar radiation. The Cryosphere, 12 (12). pp. 3923-3930. DOI 10.5194/tc-12-3923-2018.

Dima, M., Lohmann, G. and Knorr, G. (2018) North Atlantic Versus Global Control on Dansgaard‐Oeschger Events. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (23). 12.991-12.998. DOI 10.1029/2018GL080035.

Meccia, V. L. and Mikolajewicz, U. (2018) Interactive ocean bathymetry and coastlines for simulating the last deglaciation with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-v1.2). Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (11). pp. 4677-4692. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-4677-2018.

Riddick, T., Brovkin, V., Hagemann, S. and Mikolajewicz, U. (2018) Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0. Geoscientific Model Development, 11 . pp. 4291-4316. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018.

Khon, V., Schneider, B., Latif, M. , Park, W. and Wengel, C. (2018) Evolution of Eastern Equatorial Pacific Seasonal and Interannual Variability in response to orbital forcing during the Holocene and Eemian from Model Simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (18). pp. 9843-9851. DOI 10.1029/2018GL079337.

Fallah, B., Acevedo, W., Russo, E., Becker, N. and Cubasch, U. (2018) Towards High Resolution Climate Reconstruction Using an Off-line Data Assimilation and COSMO-CLM 5.00 Model. Climate of the Past, 14 . pp. 1345-1360. DOI 10.5194/cp-14-1345-2018.

Breitkreuz, C. , Paul, A. , Kurahashi‐Nakamura, T. , Losch, M. and Schulz, M. (2018) A Dynamical Reconstruction of the Global Monthly Mean Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (10). pp. 7206-7219. DOI 10.1029/2018JC014300.

Bakker, P. and Prange, M. (2018) Response of the Intertropical Convergence Zone to Antarctic Ice Sheet melt. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (16). pp. 8673-8680. DOI 10.1029/2018GL078659.

Song, Z. , Latif, M. , Park, W. and Zhang, Y. (2018) Influence of Model Bias on Simulating North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature During the Mid-Pliocene. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33 (8). pp. 884-893. DOI 10.1029/2018PA003397.

von Bloh, W., Schaphoff, S., Müller, C. , Rolinski, S., Waha, K. and Zaehle, S. (2018) Implementing the nitrogen cycle into the dynamic global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL (version 5.0). Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (7). pp. 2789-2812. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018.

von Bloh, W., Schaphoff, S., Müller, C., Rolinski, S., Waha, K. and Zaehle, S. (2018) Implementing the Nitrogen cycle into the dynamic global vegetation, hydrology and crop growth model LPJmL (version 5). Geoscientific Model Development, 11 . pp. 2789-2812. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-2789-2018.

Gerwing, E., Hort, M., Behrens, J. and Langmann, B. (2018) An adaptive semi-Lagrangian advection model for transport of volcanic emissions in the atmosphere. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 18 (5). pp. 1517-1534. DOI 10.5194/nhess-18-1517-2018.

Willeit, M. and Ganopolski, A. (2018) The importance of snow albedo for ice sheet evolution over the last glacial cycle. Climate of the Past, 14 (5). pp. 697-707. DOI 10.5194/cp-14-697-2018.

Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Edwards, T., Beckley, M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Aschwanden, A., Calov, R., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Kennedy, J. H., Larour, E., Lipscomb, W. H., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Rodehacke, C., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Schlegel, N., Seroussi, H., Shepherd, A., Sun, S., van de Wal, R. and Ziemen, F. A. (2018) Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation experiments initMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison. The Cryosphere, 12 (4). pp. 1433-1460. DOI 10.5194/tc-12-1433-2018.

Schaphoff, S., Forkel, M., Müller, C., Knauer, J., von Bloh, W., Gerten, D., Jägermeyr, J., Lucht, W., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K. and Waha, K. (2018) LPJmL4 – a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land – Part 2: Model evaluation. Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (4). pp. 1377-1403. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-1377-2018.

Schaphoff, S., von Bloh, W., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K., Biemans, H., Forkel, M., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Jägermeyr, J., Knauer, J., Langerwisch, F., Lucht, W., Müller, C., Rolinski, S. and Waha, K. (2018) LPJmL4 – a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land – Part 1: Model description. Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (4). pp. 1343-1375. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-1343-2018.

Huscroft, J., Gleeson, T., Hartmann, J. and Börker, J. (2018) Compiling and Mapping Global Permeability of the Unconsolidated and Consolidated Earth: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS 2.0 (GLHYMPS 2.0). Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (4). pp. 1897-1904. DOI 10.1002/2017GL075860.

Blomdin, R., Stroeven, A. P., Harbor, J. M., Gribenski, N., Caffee, M. W., Heyman, J., Rogozhina, I., Ivanov, M. N., Petrakov, D. A., Walther, M., Rudoy, A. N., Zhang, W., Orkhonselenge, A., Hättestrand, C., Lifton, N. A. and Jansson, K. N. (2018) Timing and dynamics of glaciation in the Ikh Turgen Mountains, Altai region, High Asia. Quaternary Geochronology, 47 . pp. 54-71. DOI 10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.008.

Börker, J., Hartmann, J., Amann, T. and Romero-Mujalli, G. (2018) Terrestrial Sediments of the Earth: Development of a Global Unconsolidated Sediments Map Database (GUM). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19 (4). pp. 997-1024. DOI 10.1002/2017GC007273.

Christner, E., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Werner, M., Cauquoin, A., Schneider, M., Hase, F., Barthlott, S. and Schädler, G. (2018) The Climatological Impacts of Continental Surface Evaporation, Rainout, and Subcloud Processes on δ D of Water Vapor and Precipitation in Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (8). pp. 4390-4409. DOI 10.1002/2017JD027260.

García-Pintado, J. and Paul, A. (2018) Evaluation of iterative Kalman smoother schemes for multi-decadal past climate analysis with comprehensive Earth system models. Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (12). pp. 5051-5084. DOI 10.5194/gmd-11-5051-2018.

Gromov, S., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and Jöckel, P. (2018) A very limited role of tropospheric chlorine as a sink of the greenhouse gas methane. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18 . pp. 9831-9843. DOI 10.5194/acp-2018-188.

Huscroft, J., Gleeson, T. , Hartmann, J. and Börker, J. (2018) Compiling and Mapping Global Permeability of the Unconsolidated and Consolidated Earth: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS 2.0 (GLHYMPS 2.0). Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (4). pp. 1897-1904. DOI 10.1002/2017GL075860.

Krebs-Kanzow, U., Gierz, P. and Lohmann, G. (2018) Estimating Greenland surface melt is hampered by melt induced dampening of temperature variability. Journal of Glaciology, 64 (244). pp. 227-235. DOI 10.1017/jog.2018.10.

Maier, E., Zhang, X., Abelmann, A., Gersonde, R., Mulitza, S., Werner, M., Méheust, M., Ren, J., Chapligin, B., Meyer, H., Stein, R., Tiedemann, R. and Lohmann, G. (2018) North Pacific freshwater events linked to changes in glacial ocean circulation. Nature Geoscience, 559 (7713). pp. 241-245. DOI 10.1038/s41586-018-0276-y.

Ramisch, A. , Tjallingii, R. , Hartmann, K. , Diekmann, B. and Brauer, A. (2018) Echo of the Younger Dryas in Holocene Lake Sediments on the Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (20). 11,154-11,163. DOI 10.1029/2018GL080225.

Romero-Mujalli, G., Hartmann, J., Börker, J., Gaillardet, J. and Calmels, D. (2018) Ecosystem controlled soil-rock p CO 2 and carbonate weathering – Constraints by temperature and soil water content. Chemical Geology, 527 . Art.Nr. 118634. DOI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.01.030.

Samaey, G. and Slawig, T. (Submitted) A micro/macro parallel-in-time (parareal) algorithm applied to a climate model with discontinuous non-monotone coefficients and oscillatory forcing. Applied Numerical Mathematics .

Tian, F., Cao, X., Dallmeyer, A., Lohmann, G., Zhang, X., Ni, J., Andreev, A., Anderson, P. M., Lozhkin, A. V., Bezrukova, E., Rudaya, N., Xu, Q. and Herzschuh, U. (2018) Biome changes and their inferred climatic drivers in northern and eastern continental Asia at selected times since 40 cal ka bp . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 27 (2). pp. 365-379. DOI 10.1007/s00334-017-0653-8.

Kriest, I. (2017) Calibration of a simple and a complex model of global marine biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences (BG), 14 . pp. 4965-4984. DOI 10.5194/bg-14-4965-2017.

Ye, Y. and Völker, C. (2017) On the Role of Dust-Deposited Lithogenic Particles for Iron Cycling in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (10). pp. 1543-1558. DOI 10.1002/2017GB005663.

Butzin, M. , Köhler, P. and Lohmann, G. (2017) Marine radiocarbon reservoir age simulations for the past 50,000 years. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (16). pp. 8473-8480. DOI 10.1002/2017GL074688.

Völpel, R., Paul, A., Krandick, A., Mulitza, S. and Schulz, M. (2017) Stable water isotopes in the MITgcm. Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (8). pp. 3125-3144. DOI 10.5194/gmd-10-3125-2017.

Robinson, A., Alvarez-Solas, J., Calov, R., Ganopolski, A. and Montoya, M. (2017) MIS-11 duration key to disappearance of the Greenland ice sheet. Nature Communications, 8 . Art.Nr. 16008. DOI 10.1038/ncomms16008.

Löptien, U. and Dietze, H. (2017) Effects of parameter indeterminacy in pelagic biogeochemical modules of Earth System Models on projections into a warming future: The scale of the problem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (7). pp. 1155-1172. DOI 10.1002/2017GB005690.

Jonkers, L. and Kučera, M. (2017) Quantifying the effect of seasonal and vertical habitat tracking on planktonic foraminifera proxies. Climate of the Past, 13 (6). pp. 573-586. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-573-2017.

Acevedo, W., Fallah, B., Reich, S. and Cubasch, U. (2017) Assimilation of pseudo-tree-ring-width observations into an atmospheric general circulation model. Climate of the Past, 13 (5). pp. 545-557. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-545-2017.

Niemeyer, D. , Kemena, T. P. , Meissner, K. J. and Oschlies, A. (2017) A model study of warming-induced phosphorus-oxygen feedbacks in open-ocean oxygen minimum zones on millennial timescales. Earth System Dynamics, 8 (2). pp. 357-367. DOI 10.5194/esd-8-357-2017.

Somes, C. J. , Schmittner, A., Muglia, J. and Oschlies, A. (2017) A Three-Dimensional Model of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum Constrained by Sedimentary Isotopes. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4 . Art.Nr. 108. DOI 10.3389/fmars.2017.00108.

Dallmeyer, A., Claussen, M., Ni, J., Cao, X., Wang, Y., Fischer, N., Pfeiffer, M., Jin, L., Khon, V., Wagner, S., Haberkorn, K. and Herzschuh, U. (2017) Biome changes in Asia since the mid-Holocene – an analysis of different transient Earth system model simulations. Climate of the Past, 13 (2). pp. 107-134. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-107-2017.

Bauer, E. and Ganopolski, A. (2017) Comparison of surface mass balance of ice sheets simulated by positive-degree-day method and energy balance approach. Climate of the Past, 13 (7). pp. 819-832. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-819-2017.

Bernales, J., Rogozhina, I. and Thomas, M. (2017) Melting and freezing under Antarctic ice shelves from a combination of ice-sheet modelling and observations. Journal of Glaciology, 63 (240). pp. 731-744. DOI 10.1017/jog.2017.42.

Bernales, J., Rogozhina, I., Greve, R. and Thomas, M. (2017) Comparison of hybrid schemes for the combination of shallow approximations in numerical simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 11 (1). pp. 247-265. DOI 10.5194/tc-11-247-2017.

Cao, X., Tian, F., Telford, R. J., Ni, J., Xu, Q., Chen, F., Liu, X., Stebich, M., Zhao, Y. and Herzschuh, U. (2017) Impacts of the spatial extent of pollen-climate calibration-set on the absolute values, range and trends of reconstructed Holocene precipitation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 178 . pp. 37-53. DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.030.

Erokhina, O., Rogozhina, I., Prange, M., Bakker, P., Bernales, J., Paul, A. and Schulz, M. (2017) Dependence of slope lapse rate over the Greenland ice sheet on background climate. Journal of Glaciology, 63 (239). pp. 568-572. DOI 10.1017/jog.2017.10.

Ganopolski, A. and Brovkin, V. (2017) Simulation of climate, ice sheets and CO2 evolution during the last four glacial cycles with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Climate of the Past, 13 (12). pp. 1695-1716. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-1695-2017.

Kageyama, M., Albani, S., Braconnot, P., Harrison, S. P., Hopcroft, P. O., Ivanovic, R. F., Lambert, F., Marti, O., Peltier, W. R., Peterschmitt, J. Y., Roche, D. M., Tarasov, L., Zhang, X., Brady, E. C., Haywood, A. M., LeGrande, A. N., Lunt, D. J., Mahowald, N. M., Mikolajewicz, U., Nisancioglu, K. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Renssen, H., Tomas, R. A., Zhang, Q., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bartlein, P. J., Cao, J., Li, Q., Lohmann, G., Ohgaito, R., Shi, X., Volodin, E., Yoshida, K., Zhang, X. and Zheng, W. (2017) The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments. Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (11). pp. 4035-4055. DOI 10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017.

Kurahashi-Nakamura, T., Paul, A. and Losch, M. (2017) Dynamical reconstruction of the global ocean state during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, 32 (4). pp. 326-350. DOI 10.1002/2016pa003001.

Mohtadi, M., Prange, M., Schefuß, E. and Jennerjahn, T. C. (2017) Late Holocene slowdown of the Indian Ocean Walker circulation. Nature Communications, 8 (1). Art.Nr. 1015. DOI 10.1038/s41467-017-00855-3.

Raisbeck, G. M., Cauquoin, A., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Petit, J. R., Lipenkov, V. Y., Beer, J., Synal, H. A., Oerter, H., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. and Yiou, F. (2017) An improved north–south synchronization of ice core records around the 41 kyr 10Be peak . Climate of the Past, 13 (3). pp. 217-229. DOI 10.5194/cp-13-217-2017.

Stein, R., Fahl, K., Gierz, P., Niessen, F. and Lohmann, G. (2017) Arctic Ocean sea ice cover during the penultimate glacial and the last interglacial. Nature Communications, 8 (1). Art.Nr. 373. DOI 10.1038/s41467-017-00552-1.

Tian, F., Cao, X., Dallmeyer, A., Zhao, Y., Ni, J. and Herzschuh, U. (2017) Pollen-climate relationships in time (9 ka, 6 ka, 0 ka) and space (upland vs. lowland) in eastern continental Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 156 . pp. 1-11. DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.027.

Torres, M. A., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Adkins, J. F. and West, A. J. (2017) Glacial weathering, sulfide oxidation, and global carbon cycle feedbacks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 114 (33). pp. 8716-8721. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1702953114.

Zhang, X., Knorr, G., Lohmann, G. and Barker, S. (2017) Abrupt North Atlantic circulation changes in response to gradual CO2 forcing in a glacial climate state. Nature Geoscience, 10 (7). pp. 518-523. DOI 10.1038/NGEO2974.

Lelieveld, J., Gromov, S., Pozzer, A. and Taraborrelli, D. (2016) Global tropospheric hydroxyl distribution, budget and reactivity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (19). pp. 12477-12493. DOI 10.5194/acp-16-12477-2016.

Düsterhus, A., Rovere, A., Carlson, A. E., Horton, B. P., Klemann, V., Tarasov, L., Barlow, N. L. M., Bradwell, T., Clark, J., Dutton, A., Gehrels, W. R., Hibbert, F. D., Hijma, M. P., Khan, N., Kopp, R. E., Sivan, D. and Törnqvist, T. E. (2016) Palaeo-sea-level and palaeo-ice-sheet databases: problems, strategies, and perspectives. Climate of the Past, 12 (4). pp. 911-921. DOI 10.5194/cp-12-911-2016.

Lohmann, G., Zhang, X. and Knorr, G. (2016) Abrupt climate change experiments: The role of freshwater, ice sheet and deglacial warming for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Polarforschung, 85 (2). pp. 161-170. DOI 10.2312/polfor.2016.013.

Piwonski, J. and Slawig, T. (2016) Metos3D: the Marine Ecosystem Toolkit for Optimization and Simulation in 3-D – Part 1: Simulation Package v0.3.2. Geoscientific Model Development, 9 (10). pp. 3729-3750. DOI 10.5194/gmd-9-3729-2016.

Weitzel, N., Wagner, S., Sjolte, J., Klockmann, M., Bothe, O., Andres, H., Tarasov, L., Rehfeld, K., Zorita, E., Widmann, M., Sommer, P., Schädler, G., Ludwig, P., Kapp, F., Jonkers, L., García-Pintado, J., Fuhrmann, F., Dolman, A., Dallmeyer, A. and Brücher, T. (2019) Diving into the past – A paleo data-model comparison workshop on the Late Glacial and Holocene. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100 (1). ES1-ES4. DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0169.1.

Latinović, M., Klemann, V., Irrgang, C., Bagge, M., Specht, S. and Thomas, M. (2018) A statistical method to validate reconstructions of late-glacial relative sea level – Application to shallow water shells rated as low-grade sea-level indicators. Climate of the Past Discussions . pp. 1-17. DOI 10.5194/cp-2018-50.

Calov, R., Beyer, S., Greve, R., Beckmann, J., Willeit, M., Kleiner, T., Rückamp, M., Humbert, A. and Ganopolski, A. (2018) Simulation of the future sea level contribution of Greenland with a new glacial system model. The Cryosphere Discussions . pp. 1-37. DOI 10.5194/tc-2018-23.

Dolman, A. M. and Laepple, T. (2018) Sedproxy: a forward model for sediment archived climate proxies. Climate of the Past Discussions . pp. 1-31. DOI 10.5194/cp-2018-13.

García-Pintado, J. and Paul, A. (2018) Parameter space Kalman smoothers for multi-decadal climate analysis in high resolution coupled Global Circulation Models. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions . pp. 1-38. DOI 10.5194/gmd-2018-48.

Marquer, L., Dallmeyer, A., Poska, A., Pongratz, J., Smith, B. and Gaillard, M. J. (2018) Modeling past human-induced vegetation change is a challenge – the case of Europe. Past Global Change Magazine, 26 (1). pp. 12-13. DOI 10.22498/pages.26.1.12.

Simon, K. and Behrens, J. (2018) Multiscale finite elements through advection-induced coordinates for transient advection-diffusion equations. Multiscale Modeling and Simulation: A SIAM Interdisciplinary Journal .

Keppler, O. (2020) PalMod Phase II - Kick-Off Meeting: Grußwort der Ministerialdirektorin Frau Keppler (BMBF). [Invited talk] In: PalMod Phase II - Kick-Off Meeting. , 28.-29.05.20202, Virtuell .

Latif, M. (2020) PalMod Phase II - Kick-Off Meeting: Einführung in das Projekt PalMod Phase II. [Invited talk] In: PalMod Phase II - Kick-Off Meeting. , 28.-29.05.20202, Virtuell .

Weitzel, N. (2020) Climate field reconstructions from pollen and macrofossil syntheses using Bayesian hierarchical models. (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany, 153 pp. . Bonner Meteorologische Abhandlungen, 89 .